Wondering about working in Singapore as an Indian? Here’s what’s new and trending in 2025. Jobs in Singapore for Indians have never been more accessible, with Singapore’s workforce now comprising over 675,000 Indians, accounting for 11% of the population. Singapore continues to attract Indian professionals like a magnet, offering them outstanding career prospects across a diverse range of industries.
Within Singapore, IT positions occupy roughly 60% of the country’s total employment openings, and they exhibit strong demand for Data Scientists, AI Engineers, and Cybersecurity Analysts. Nursing jobs in Singapore for Indian nurses are booming, as Singapore plans to add 4,000 new nurses by year-end, with two-thirds coming from overseas, many from India. Unskilled jobs in Singapore for Indian workers are available in various sectors, including construction, cleaning, hospitality, and logistics, often with visa sponsorship.
The average annual salary for Indians in Singapore ranges from SGD 61,000 to SGD 72,000 (approximately INR 38–45 lakh). Work permits are streamlined with Employment Pass (EP), S Pass, and Work Permit options available for various skill levels. Singapore offers fresh Indian graduates prospects across e-commerce, digital marketing, data analysis, and business management.
Among the leading employers recruiting Indians are Amazon, DBS Bank, Google, Shopee, and a range of leading hospitals. Singapore’s unemployment rate stands at just 2.0%, creating an abundance of opportunities. Visa application fees remain affordable at about INR 7,000 (SGD 115).
With high salaries, a multicultural environment, and a booming job market, jobs in Singapore for Indians are among the most attractive destinations for Indian professionals and freshers in 2025. Read on to discover how you can land your dream job in the Lion City!
Overview of Jobs in Singapore for Indians in 2025
- Singapore is a global economic powerhouse, offering a diverse range of jobs across various sectors, including IT, healthcare, finance, engineering, hospitality, and unskilled labour. The city-state’s robust economy, high living standards, and multicultural society make it a top choice for Indian job seekers, from experienced professionals to fresh graduates and unskilled workers.
- The 2025 job market of Singapore Indians has been demonstrated as resilient. The most recent figures indicate that 42% of employers plan to increase their permanent workforce in the first half of 2025. This growth presents fresh opportunities for jobs in Singapore for Indians seeking to establish their careers in Southeast Asia’s most dynamic economy.
- Singapore’s digital economy now contributes S$113 billion (17.7%) to GDP and is growing at nearly twice the rate of the overall economy. This expansion has created numerous job opportunities in Singapore for Indians, particularly in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and cloud computing.
| Key Statistics | 2025 Data |
| Indian Population in Singapore | 675,000 (11% of the total population) |
| IT Job Vacancies | 60% of total job openings |
| Unemployment Rate | 2.0% |
| Average Processing Time for Work Permits | 10 business days |
| Visa Application Fee | SGD 115 (INR 7,000) |
The Indian community in Singapore offers a strong support network for newcomers seeking employment opportunities in the country. This established community provides assistance with cultural adaptation, networking, and offers practical tips to help individuals settle into Singaporean life. Indian festivals and cultural events are numerous, and people observe them throughout the year, which helps them feel at home.
Why Singapore Attracts Indian Job Seekers in 2025
- Singapore’s appeal lies in its strong economy, low unemployment rate, high salaries, safe environment, and welcoming immigration policies. The presence of a large Indian community in Singapore, combined with the country’s world-class infrastructure, further enhances its attractiveness for Indians seeking employment opportunities.
- Indian job seekers in Singapore can take advantage of several distinct advantages. First, the government’s proactive approach to talent attraction has created streamlined visa processes and clear pathways for skilled workers. The Self-Assessment Tool (SAT), introduced by the Ministry of Manpower, helps Indian applicants check their eligibility for Employment Passes and S Passes before applying.
- Singapore’s strategic location as a gateway to Southeast Asia makes it an ideal base for professionals looking to expand their careers across the region. The country’s status as a global financial hub and its growing tech ecosystem offer numerous job opportunities in Singapore for Indians, providing opportunities for career growth and international exposure.
| Advantage | Description |
| Economic Stability | GDP growth of 3.2% in 2024 |
| Safety | Ranked 2nd globally in the safety index |
| Healthcare System | World-class healthcare with subsidised options |
| Education | Top-tier international schools and universities |
| Cultural Diversity | 40% of the population is foreign nationals |
- The process for obtaining a work visa in Singapore for Indian professionals has been significantly simplified. The introduction of technology, the increasing adoption of technology by professionals, and the ongoing digitalisation of application processes have made it easier for Indians to secure work authorisation for jobs in Singapore.
- Singapore’s commitment to work-life balance is particularly appealing to Indian professionals seeking employment opportunities in Singapore. The typical working week is 44 hours, and the minimum annual leave to which employees are entitled ranges from 7 to 14 days, depending on their level of experience. This work-life compatibility appeals to Indians who want to live better lives.
Key Sectors Hiring Indians in Singapore in 2025
IT Jobs in Singapore for Indian Professionals
- Singapore’s tech sector is expanding rapidly, with IT jobs in Singapore accounting for 60% of all vacancies for Indian professionals. The popular careers are Data Scientist, AI Engineer, Cybersecurity Analyst, Cloud Solutions Architect, and Software Developer. Indian IT professionals are much in demand, particularly those with experience and relevant degrees.
- The technology sector remains the driving force in Singapore’s job market for jobs in Singapore for Indians. IMDA, on its part, estimates that Singapore will require 60,000 digital workers by 2025, and the demand is increasing by 10-12 per cent each year. The Artificial Intelligence market is expected to attain a size of US$1.23 billion in 2025.
- IT jobs in Singapore for Indian professionals offer exceptional career growth opportunities. The ability in AI is increasing salaries by more than 25 per cent, and AI experts could earn up to 20 per cent more than their peers in conventional IT roles. The number of tech sector jobs in Singapore for Indians has grown to 208,300 in 2023, representing a 3.4% year-on-year increase.
| IT Job Role | Average Salary (SGD) | Average Salary (INR) |
| Data Scientist | 80,000-120,000 | 49-74 lakhs |
| AI Engineer | 90,000-140,000 | 55-86 lakhs |
| Cybersecurity Analyst | 70,000-110,000 | 43-68 lakhs |
| Cloud Solutions Architect | 100,000-150,000 | 61-92 lakhs |
| Software Developer | 60,000-100,000 | 37-61 lakhs |
Major companies actively recruiting for jobs in Singapore for Indians include Amazon, Google, Shopee, DBS Bank, and GovTech Singapore. These companies value Indian professionals for their technical expertise and proficiency in the English language.
The Singapore Employment Pass for Indians in IT typically requires a minimum monthly salary of SGD 4,500 for fresh graduates, with higher requirements for experienced professionals seeking jobs in Singapore. Most IT roles qualify for the Employment Pass, which offers the most flexibility and benefits among Singapore’s work permit categories.
Nursing Jobs in Singapore for Indian Nurses
The nursing and healthcare industries have been facing a talent shortage. Singapore is actively recruiting nurses from India, offering competitive salaries, housing allowances, and joining bonuses. Nurses must pass the Singapore Nursing Board (SNB) exam or qualify for exemptions, then apply for a work permit.
Nursing jobs in Singapore for Indian nurses are in high demand due to Singapore’s aging population and expanding healthcare infrastructure. The country saw a 7% increase in foreign nurse employment in 2023, with Indian nurses accounting for a significant share of jobs in Singapore. Singapore’s nursing density is forecasted to grow from 6.84 to 7.15 persons per thousand by 2028.
The salary structure for nursing jobs in Singapore for Indian nurses is highly competitive compared to other jobs in Singapore for Indians. Registered nurses at the entry level earn a salary of SGD 3,300 to SGD 5,200 per month in their first year, with a median monthly salary of SGD 3,900. Senior nurses are also highly paid, with wages of up to SGD 6,000 per month, as well as other benefits such as performance bonuses and housing allowances.
| Nursing Role | Monthly Salary (SGD) | Additional Benefits |
| Registered Nurse | 3,300-5,200 | Housing allowance, health insurance |
| Enrolled Nurse | 2,800-4,000 | Meal allowances, transport subsidy |
| Specialist Nurse | 4,500-6,000 | Performance bonuses, study leave |
| Nurse Manager | 5,500-8,000 | Management allowance, car park |
To secure nursing jobs in Singapore, Indian nurses must complete the SNB registration process. This will include an evaluation of credentials, testing of English proficiency, and, in a few instances, the completion of a bridging course. The Government has introduced several initiatives to attract foreign nurses to jobs in Singapore, including Indians, such as the Nurse Special Payment (NSP) scheme, which provides annual bonuses equivalent to 1.2-1.6 months of base salary.
Career progression opportunities for jobs in Singapore for Indians in nursing are excellent. Most hospitals have well-developed career growth schemes, higher training courses, and the opportunity to specialise in areas such as ICU, oncology, and paediatrics.
Unskilled Jobs in Singapore for Indians in 2025
Unskilled jobs in Singapore for Indian workers are available in various sectors, including construction, cleaning, hospitality, logistics, and retail. Many employers sponsor visas for eligible Indian workers seeking jobs in Singapore for Indians. It does not require any advanced qualifications, although expertise in basic English or Mandarin is desirable.
The demand for unskilled jobs in Singapore for Indian workers remains strong across the essential services sectors. Construction projects, infrastructure development, and the hospitality industry continue to require skilled and semi-skilled workers for jobs in Singapore for Indians. The salaries offered in these positions range from SGD 1,200 to SGD 2,500 per month, and most of these positions include accommodation and meals.
Unskilled jobs in Singapore for Indian workers offer several advantages, including visa sponsorship, stable employment, and opportunities for skill development. Many employers in Singapore offer on-the-job training and career advancement opportunities within their organisations for Indian professionals.
| Sector | Common Roles | Monthly Salary (SGD) |
| Construction | General worker, site assistant | 1,200-1,800 |
| Cleaning Services | Office cleaner, hospital cleaner | 1,100-1,500 |
| Hospitality | Kitchen helper, housekeeping | 1,300-1,900 |
| Logistics | Warehouse worker, packer | 1,400-2,000 |
| Retail | Store assistant, cashier | 1,200-1,600 |
The Work Permit scheme covers most unskilled jobs in Singapore for Indian workers. This permit type doesn’t require minimum educational qualifications, but does require employer sponsorship for jobs in Singapore for Indians. The application process usually lasts 1-2 weeks, and successful applicants will be provided with all the necessary help, such as accommodation plans.
Other High-Demand Sectors
- Finance, engineering, hospitality, education, and digital marketing are also major employers offering jobs in Singapore for Indians. Some of the positions include financial analysts, civil engineers, teachers, and hotel managers. These sectors provide competitive salaries and career growth opportunities for qualified Indian professionals seeking employment in Singapore.
- Singapore’s financial services sector continues to expand, with many global banks and financial institutions establishing their regional headquarters in the city-state. Indian professionals with expertise in areas such as risk management, investment banking, and fintech are particularly sought after for jobs in Singapore.
- The engineering sector benefits from Singapore’s ongoing infrastructure development and innovative city initiatives. Civil engineers, electrical engineers, and mechanical engineers with experience in urban planning and sustainable development can find excellent job opportunities in Singapore for Indians.
| Sector | Popular Roles | Average Salary (SGD) |
| Finance | Financial Analyst, Risk Manager | 50,000-90,000 |
| Engineering | Civil Engineer, Project Manager | 55,000-85,000 |
| Hospitality | Hotel Manager, F&B Manager | 45,000-75,000 |
| Education | International School Teacher | 50,000-80,000 |
| Digital Marketing | Marketing Manager, SEO Specialist | 48,000-78,000 |
Jobs in Singapore for Indian Freshers in 2025
- Indian freshers in business management, e-commerce, digital marketing, data analysis, and entry-level IT can get jobs in Singapore. Many companies offer training and career progression pathways for Indian professionals in Singapore. The S Pass is commonly used for mid-skilled jobs that are suitable for fresh graduates.
- It is becoming increasingly common to find jobs in Singapore for Indian fresh graduates, as firms have recognised the value of recruiting young minds with innovative thinking and sound technical expertise. The government’s SGUnited Traineeships program targets recent graduates specifically, offering structured training and job placement opportunities in Singapore for Indian nationals.
- The Singaporean job market experienced tremendous growth in 2025, with a significant increase in job opportunities available to Indian fresh graduates. Fresh graduates are sought by companies such as Shopee, Bytedance, and large banks that require staff in software engineering, data analysis, business development, and customer service.
| Industry | Entry-Level Roles | Monthly Salary (SGD) |
| E-commerce | Business Analyst, Operations Associate | 3,000-4,500 |
| Digital Marketing | Marketing Executive, Content Creator | 2,800-4,000 |
| IT | Junior Developer, Technical Support | 3,500-5,000 |
| Banking | Graduate Trainee, Customer Service | 3,200-4,800 |
| Consulting | Research Associate, Business Analyst | 3,500-5,500 |
Singapore job consultancy services for Indians have become increasingly sophisticated in matching fresh graduates with suitable jobs in Singapore. These agencies assist with every aspect, including resume writing, interview preparation, and visa application.
The S Pass is typically used for jobs in Singapore by Indian freshers, as it’s designed for mid-skilled workers with diplomas or degrees. It has a minimum salary requirement of SGD 2,500 per month, making it affordable even for entry-level positions.
Work Permits and Visa Process for Indians in 2025
Types of Work Permits
Singapore offers several job options for Indian workers with Singapore work permit for Indian options: Employment Pass (EP) for professionals, managers, and executives (minimum SGD 4,500/month); S Pass for mid-skilled workers (minimum SGD 2,500/month); Work Permit for semi-skilled/unskilled workers in sectors like construction and services; and EntrePass for entrepreneurs starting a business in Singapore.
The work visa system in Singapore for Indian professionals is designed to attract talent at various skill levels seeking employment in Singapore. Different types of permits exist, each with distinct purposes, eligibility requirements, application procedures, and advantages.
The most sought-after jobs in Singapore that require a work permit are those for Indian professionals. It is the most flexible program, as the holder can bring their family, and it provides a path to permanent residency. The pass is renewable and is not sector-specific.
| Permit Type | Minimum Salary | Target Applicants | Validity Period |
| Employment Pass | SGD 4,500/month | Professionals, managers, executives | 1-2 years (renewable) |
| S Pass | SGD 2,500/month | Mid-skilled workers | 2 years (renewable) |
| Work Permit | No minimum | Semi-skilled/unskilled workers | 2 years (renewable) |
| EntrePass | – | Entrepreneurs | 1 year (renewable) |
The Singapore Employment Pass for Indians application process has been streamlined using digital platforms and the Self-Assessment Tool (SAT). This tool helps applicants determine their eligibility before submitting formal job applications in Singapore for Indians.
Step-by-Step Process
The job work permit application process in Singapore for Indian applicants involves several steps: securing a job offer from a Singapore-based employer, gathering the required documents (including a passport, educational certificates, and employment history), and then submitting the work permit application online. Applicants must await approval before completing formalities upon arrival in Singapore.
The work visa application process in Singapore typically takes 10 business days (standard processing) for Indian professionals. However, processing times may vary depending on the permit type and the complexity of the application for jobs in Singapore for Indians.
Applications for work permits in Singapore jobs require the following documents:
- Valid passport with 6 6-month or more validity period
- Academic qualifications and records
- References and Employment History
- Outcomes of medical examination
- Passport-sized photographs
- Filled out forms of application
The employer plays a crucial role in the application process for the Singapore Employment Pass for Indians. They must apply through the Ministry of Manpower’s online portal and provide supporting documentation, including details about the job role and company, for jobs in Singapore for Indians.
| Application Step | Timeline | Responsible Party |
| Job Offer | 1-4 weeks | Employer |
| Document Preparation | 1-2 weeks | Applicant |
| Application Submission | 1 day | Employer |
| Processing | 10 business days | MOM |
| Approval & Collection | 1-2 days | Applicant |
Salary Expectations and Cost of Living in Singapore for Indians in 2025
- The average salary for Indian professionals in Singapore ranges from SGD 61,000 to SGD 72,000 per year, with roles in IT, healthcare, and finance paying the most. Although living in Singapore is expensive for Indians, it is compensated by highly competitive pay and benefits, which include healthcare, housing allowances, and bonuses.
- It depends heavily on one’s lifestyle and accommodation preferences. The cost of living in Singapore for Indians differs substantially. The average price a single individual can afford is SGD 1,513 per month, excluding housing costs. A family of four requires approximately SGD 5,467 per month, before factoring in housing expenses.
- The salary structure for jobs in Singapore for Indians is highly competitive compared to Indian standards. The average monthly wage in Singapore is SGD 5,197 (approximately INR 3.48 lakh), and Indian professionals working in IT, finance, healthcare, and engineering earn even more.
| Expense Category | Monthly Cost (SGD) | Monthly Cost (INR) |
| Accommodation (1BR) | 1,800-5,000 | 1.17-3.25 lakhs |
| Food & Groceries | 400-800 | 26,000-52,000 |
| Transportation | 100-200 | 6,500-13,000 |
| Utilities | 150-300 | 9,750-19,500 |
| Healthcare | 100-300 | 6,500-19,500 |
The most considerable cost of living in Singapore for Indians is housing. The price of rentals differs significantly according to location, and the Core Central Region has the highest rental charges, ranging from 3,500 to 5,800 Singapore Dollars per apartment.
The Singapore employment market for Indians offers superior remuneration packages, which typically include additional benefits such as medical coverage, annual bonuses, and opportunities for career growth in Singapore. These benefits help offset the higher cost of living and provide long-term value for career growth in jobs in Singapore for Indians.
Top Employers and Job Portals for Indians in 2025
- Major employers hiring for jobs in Singapore for Indians include Amazon, DBS Bank, Google, Shopee, and leading hospitals. The most popular job portals are JobStreet, LinkedIn, Indeed, and JobsDB. The services of the Singapore job consultancy for Indians also include placements and visa processing.
- Singapore’s Indian job market is well-maintained with many trusted job portals and recruitment agencies. JobStreet is the largest job portal in Singapore, with over 300,000 applicants monthly and a wide range of jobs in Singapore for Indians across all sectors.
- Other Singapore job search advice for Indians involves utilising all available means simultaneously. MyCareersFuture, a government-supported job portal, offers valuable salary insights and advanced filtering options specifically designed for the Singapore market and jobs in Singapore, catering to Indian candidates.
| Job Portal | Monthly Users | Specialization |
| JobStreet | 300,000+ | General, all sectors |
| 250,000+ | Professional networking | |
| Indeed Singapore | 200,000+ | Global platform |
| MyCareersFuture | 150,000+ | Government-supported |
| FastJobs | 100,000+ | Part-time, freelance |
Major employers actively recruiting jobs in Singapore for Indians include multinational corporations, local companies, and government agencies. These institutions appreciate the technical expertise, command of the English language, and cultural adjustments that Indian workers bring to their workplaces.
Services provided by Singapore job consultancy to Indians have become more comprehensive, offering end-to-end solutions that include resume preparation, visa applications, and additional support. These consultancies maintain strong relationships with employers and can provide valuable market insights and salary benchmarking for jobs in Singapore for Indians.
Tips for Securing a Job in Singapore from India in 2025
- Research the job market and target high-demand sectors for jobs in Singapore for Indians. Write an ATS-compliant resume that is Singapore-compatible. Send it to recruitment agencies and job sites. Connect with experts and add potential groups on LinkedIn. Prepare for interviews and learn about the country’s workplace culture.
- Indians are advised to follow their tips on job search in Singapore by engaging in market research and submitting job-targeted applications. Understanding which sectors are experiencing growth and which skills are in demand can significantly enhance your chances of securing jobs in Singapore for Indian professionals.
- Resume preparation is crucial for jobs in Singapore for Indians. Singapore employers are happy with short and firmly structured resumes that emphasise pertinent experience and achievements. The resume must be ATS-friendly and contain keywords from the job description.
- Singapore job search advice for Indians also emphasises the importance of networking. The Indian community in Singapore is well-established and offers excellent networking opportunities through professional associations, cultural organisations, and social groups, providing access to job opportunities in Singapore for Indians.
| Job Search Strategy | Success Rate | Time Investment |
| Direct company applications | 15-20% | High |
| Job portal applications | 10-15% | Medium |
| Recruitment agency | 25-30% | Low |
| Networking referrals | 40-50% | High |
| LinkedIn applications | 20-25% | Medium |
Interview preparation for jobs in Singapore for Indians should focus on understanding the local workplace culture and customs. Punctuality, professionalism, and clear communication are the values that Singapore stands by. Demonstrating cultural awareness and adaptability can significantly enhance your interview performance for jobs in Singapore, particularly for Indian candidates.
Challenges and How to Overcome Them in 2025
- Common challenges for jobs in Singapore for Indians include high competition, strict visa requirements, and adapting to a new culture. Conquer them through upskill, networking, and consulting with community groups and mentors.
- This can be said of the Singapore job market regarding Indians, as there is significant competition among well-qualified candidates seeking the same job. Standing out requires continuous skill development, relevant certifications, and a strong professional network for jobs in Singapore for Indians.
- Visa requirements can be complex, particularly for first-time applicants from India seeking jobs in Singapore. This can be achieved by researching the types of permits available and their respective requirements. The system for work visas in Singapore for Indian professionals requires careful planning and preparation.
- Cultural adaptation is another significant challenge for Indians seeking jobs in Singapore. The working styles and means of communication among people in Singapore vary and encompass a wide array of cultures. It takes commitment and time to develop cultural intelligence and get used to local practices.
| Challenge | Solution | Timeline |
| High competition | Skill development, networking | 3-6 months |
| Visa complexity | Professional consultation | 1-2 months |
| Cultural adaptation | Community engagement | 6-12 months |
| Cost of living | Financial planning | Ongoing |
| Job market knowledge | Market research | 1-3 months |
Tips for searching for jobs in Singapore as an Indian include joining professional associations and community groups. These organisations offer valuable support, networking opportunities, and practical advice for navigating the local job market and the settlement process for Indian professionals seeking employment in Singapore.
The Indian community in Singapore offers extensive support networks for newcomers seeking employment opportunities in the country. There are cultural bodies, professional associations, and informal groups that guide both the process of finding a job and securing an appropriate place of residence.
Conclusion
Jobs in Singapore for Indians remain a top destination for job seekers in 2025, offering diverse roles, high salaries, and a welcoming environment. With the right strategy and preparation, Indians—whether freshers, professionals, or unskilled workers—can build rewarding careers in the Lion City through jobs in Singapore for Indians. The job market for Indians in Singapore continues to evolve, with more individuals gaining access to new opportunities in the technological sphere, the medical industry, and other fields. The government’s proactive approach to talent attraction, combined with the presence of a strong Indian community in Singapore, creates favourable conditions for career success in Singapore for Indians.
Whether you’re seeking IT jobs in Singapore for Indian professionals, nursing jobs in Singapore for Indian nurses, or unskilled jobs in Singapore for Indian workers, the opportunities are abundant. The key is to approach your job search strategically, understand the visa requirements, and prepare thoroughly for the transition to jobs in Singapore for Indians. Start your career in Singapore today. Research the opportunities, prepare your application materials, and connect with the resources available to help you succeed in jobs in Singapore for Indians in the Lion City.
Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)
What are the most in-demand jobs in Singapore for Indians in 2025?
IT, healthcare (especially nursing), finance, engineering, and digital marketing are among the most sought-after jobs in Singapore for Indians. Technology accounts for 60% of all job vacancies, and there is a growing demand for Data Scientists, AI Engineers, and Cybersecurity Analysts. Nursing jobs, as well as healthcare jobs in general, are promising in Singapore as the number of elderly people is increasing there.
Is there a chance that Indian freshers can work in Singapore?
Indeed, IT, e-commerce, digital marketing, and business management offer job opportunities in Singapore to Indian fresh graduates. Most companies provide S Pass and training opportunities to fresh graduates. SGUnited Traineeships is a program specifically aimed at fresh graduates, offering clear career paths and access to skills development and training.
What are the requirements of a Singapore work permit for Indians?
Jobs in Singapore require a work permit that requires a valid job offer, relevant qualifications, and employer sponsorship. Depending on the job and the salary levels, the permit is either residential or non-residential. An Employment Pass requires a monthly salary of at least SGD 4,500, while an S Pass requires a monthly salary of at least SGD 2,500.
Is there unskilled employment of Indians in Singapore?
Yes, unskilled jobs in Singapore for Indian workers are available in various sectors, including construction, cleaning, hospitality, and logistics, often with visa sponsorship. The monthly pay rates range between SGD 1,200 and 2,500 and usually cover meals and accommodation for such positions.
What will enable Indian nurses to work in Singapore?
Nursing jobs in Singapore for Indian nurses require passing the Singapore Nursing Board (SNB) exam or qualifying for exemption, securing a job offer, and applying for a work permit. This process includes an assessment of credentials, an English language examination, and, in some cases, a bridging program.
